What is lysosomes and its function?

Introduction

Definition: A sac-shaped and membrane-enclosed organelle in all eukaryotic cells that serves as the main component of intracellular digestion is called a lysosome. The vesicles present in it act as a reservoir of hydrolytic enzymes. It is called "Suicide Squad" or "Suicide Squad". The word lysosome comes from Greek. The Greek word "lyso" means digester and "soma" means substance.

Discovery:

The lysosome was discovered and given its name by Nobel laureate Christian de Dove in 1955. In 1949, Professor Christian de Duve of Belgium's Catholic University of Louve and his group were examining the way that insulin affected the liver. They discovered that the G6P enzyme played a key role in controlling blood sugar levels. They tried several times to isolate the enzyme from cell extracts, but they were unsuccessful. So, to isolate the enzyme, they used the cell fractionation method.

Distribution: They are not usually found in plant cells; However, lysosomes are found in seed cells of onion, corn, and tobacco cells. Liver cells, nerve cells, kidney cells, intestinal lining cells, bones, uterus, urinary bladder, monocytes, and lymphocytes contain more lysosomes. Their number and size are different in different cells.

Types of Lysosome:

Lysosomes are of two types namely primary lysosomes and secondary lysosomes.

Primary lysosomes:

Lysosomes that do not participate in invasion after formation are called primary lysosomes. Young lysosomes are called primary lysosomes. They do not participate in any digestive process. According to Dyson, primary lysosomes, Golgi bodies, and endoplasmic reticulum together form a secretion system called GERL(GOLGI ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM LYSOSOME) system.

Secondary lysosomes:

The lysosomes that are formed by the invasion of matter are called secondary lysosomes. That is, the lysosomes that have participated in digestion are called secondary lysosomes.

Heterophagosomes:

A membrane-enclosed cavity formed by the fusion of multiple lysosomes with phagosomes made of extracellular material in the process of endocytosis is called a hetehetero-phagosome

Heterophagy:

Heterophagosomes or secondary lysosomes: Multiple primary lysosomes combine with phagosomes produced by phagocytosis or pinocytosis to form hetero phagosomes.

Autophagosomes:

Autophagosome or Cytolysosome: Unwanted or damaged parts of the cell are covered by smooth membranes and form separate compartments. It fuses with one or more primary lysosomes to form an autophagosome. It digests mitochondria, ribosomes, peroxisomes, glycogen granules etc.

Autophagy:

Autophagy is the process by which autophagosome fragments are broken down by lysosomal enzymes.

Telolysosome:

Secondary lysosomes cut off the remainder at the end and call lysosomes.

Physical structure:

The structure of the lysosome usually looks like a spherical cavity surrounded by a single membrane. Their coat, like other unicoats, is triple-layered and composed of proteins and lipids. Inside the lysosome are protein vesicles of various shapes (55-80Å) and about fifty types of lysosomal enzymes.

Chemical properties:

Lysosomes contain more than 60 enzymes, and membranes contain more than 50 different kinds of membrane proteins. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is where these enzymes are made. Principal enzymes include:

• DNAase
• RNAase
• Lysozyme
• Esterage 
• Sucrase
• Lipase acid
• phospholipase 
• Arylsulfatase
• Esterase 
• Phosphatase
• Galactosidase
• Glucosidase 
• Dextronase etc. 

The lysosome's interior is acidic. Compared to the cytosol's pH of 7.2, which is between 4.5 and 5, it has a lower pH range.

Functions:

• They destroy microbes by phagocytosis.
• It protects other cells in the cell by binding dissolving enzymes.
• Lysosomes help in intracellular digestion.
• During cell division, they help break down the cell and nuclear envelopes.
• They are called suicide squads because they destroy the useless cells of the body by autolysis.
• They produce keratin in the cells.
• May cause cancer.
• Contains the acid phosphatase enzyme that dissolves tissue.

Why do lysosomes have the nickname "Suicidal Bags"? 

The word “lyso” means digestive; The word “Soma” means substance. Location of cell cytoplasm lysosomes as carriers of hydrolytic enzymes. When there is a shortage of food in the cell, the membrane of the lysosome bursts and enzymes start to come out of it. Other cellular organelles begin to be destroyed in the process. This is called autophagy. In this way, the entire cell is destroyed at some point. This is why lysosomes are called suicide cell organelles or vesicles.

In which parts of the cell produce lysosomal enzymes?

Over 50 different enzymes are present in lysosomes. In the rough endoplasmic reticulum, they are produced. The Golgi apparatus is where enzymes are synthesized before being brought out in small vesicles or sacs and merging with larger acidic vesicles.

Mannose 6-phosphate is combined with the enzymes created specifically for lysosomes to enable proper fixing up into acidified vesicles.

Dysbiosis Lysosoma:

Nuclear genes coordinate the lysosome's enzyme production. Particularly in eukaryotes, nuclear genes are those that are found in the cell's nucleus. Over 30 different human genetic disorders known as lysosomal storage diseases may develop as a result of any mutations in these genes. (LSD).

Plant cell lysosome

Lysosomes are responsible for dissolving cellular debris and are primarily present in eukaryotic animal cells. According to conventional cell biology, the vacuoles play the lysosomes' function in plants. Recent studies have revealed that the functions of vacuoles and lysosomes in animal cells are actually quite similar. Additionally, there is proof that these vacuoles contain hydrolytic enzymes similar to those found in animal cells.

Different between Autophagy and Autolysis:

Autophagy:

Autophagy is characterized by autolysis.

The nature of matter is food or cellular organelles. 

Stimulants are not secreted. 

Digestion takes place in the digestive cavity.

Time occurs during starvation or infection.

Benefits are detrimental to the body.

Autolysis:

Cell debris or whole cells.

Stimulants are released.

Digestion takes place outside.

Occurs in old age or after death.

It benefits the body.

Conclusion:

Cell organelles called lysosomes are almost exclusively present in eukaryotic animal cells. Although vacuoles are absent from plants, they serve as lysosomes in plant cells. Due to their propensity to lyse cells by destroying the cell membrane with their digestive enzymes, lysosomes are known as "Suicidal Bags." (also called autolysis) The Golgi apparatus transports lysosomal enzymes into the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they are synthesized. Later, it combines with larger acidic vesicles. Lysosomal storage diseases, or LSDs, are a variety of genetic disorders that affect people.