"Draw a neat labeled diagram of ultra-structure of a chloroplast"

Introduction:

Plant cells contain structures called chloroplasts that are essential for photosynthesis. Plants transform light energy into chemical energy that is held in organic compounds through a process called photosynthesis. Chlorophyll pigments found in the chloroplast use light energy to drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH, two molecules abundant in energy that is used to fuel the synthesis of organic molecules like glucose.

Ultrastructure of Chloroplast: 

The structure of chloroplast is quite complex. When observed with the help of an electron microscope, chloroplasts can be seen in three distinct parts, namely- (A) membrane or membrane, (B) stroma, and (C) grana.

(A) Membrane: Each chloroplast is covered with a bilayered permeable membrane composed of lipoproteins. Structurally, the membrane is similar to the plasma membrane. The membrane protects the contents of the chloroplast and controls the movement of various substances in and out of the chloroplast.

(B) Stroma: The transparent, granular, greenish, homogenous aqueous substance located inside the membrane-enclosed chloroplast is called the stroma. The stroma consists of lipoproteins and some enzymes. The stroma grana act as a matriarch.

(C) Grana: 40 to 60 disc-like structures composed of numerous disc-like materials are seen arranged in the stroma. One such structure is called a granum (plural grana) and a disc is called a thylakoid or granum chakra. Each granum chakra is covered by a bilayered membrane. A number of granum chakras of adjacent grana are connected by very fine tubules. These tubes connecting the granum cycle are called stroma-lamellae. (singular-stroma-lamellae) On the inner surface of the membrane of the granum cycle are some crystalline objects called quantosomes. Each quantosome contains chlorophyll-d, chlorophyll-n, carotene, xanthophyll, phospholipids, quinones, sulfolipids, various enzymes, etc.

Functions of Chloroplast:

1) Preparation of sugars with the help of carbon dioxide and water in the process of photosynthesis.

2) Conversion of ADP to ATP with the help of sunlight.

3) Preparation of protein and lipid-like food with the help of enzymes.

4) Binding of carbon dioxide inside the quantosome.

5) Aiding in protein synthesis in a special way with the help of ribosomes.

Conclusion:

The chloroplast has a chlorophyll-containing green pigment that captures light energy and transforms it into molecular energy in the shape of glucose. The stroma, a fluid-filled area that is enclosed by the inner membrane of chloroplasts, includes enzymes and other substances required for the photosynthetic process. Overall, by creating oxygen and organic compounds that act as sustenance for other creatures, chloroplasts are essential to maintaining life on Earth.