"Nucleous"

Introduction:

The highly characteristic, densest, and round or ovoid part of the protoplasm situated almost in the center is called the nucleous.

The nucleous is the heart of the cell.

Origin: Creation of the ideal nucleus from the primitive nucleus by the course of evolution.

Discovery: Robert Brown discovered the nucleous in 1831.

Location: In eukaryotic cells, the ideal nucleus is located approximately in the center. But prokaryotic cells have no developed nucleus. Red blood cells in mammals and phloem in higher plants have no nucleus.

Shape: The nucleous is usually spherical. But according to the shape of the cells can be oval, elliptical, and disk-like.

Volume: Their average volume is 4-2000 cubic microns.

Structure of Nucleous:

Four main parts of a nucleous are seen in interphase on the eve of cell division. namely-

A) Nucleous Membrane 

B) Nucleoplasm 

C) Nucleolus 

D) Chromatin Reticulum

Here is the description of the structure and function of the nucleus.

A) Nuclear Membrane: The nucleus is covered by transparent, bilayered, semipermeable and numerous porous membranes called a nuclear membrane. It is composed of lipoproteins. The pore that separates the two membranes is called the nuclear pore. The space between the two membranes is called the perinuclear space. The pores of the membrane of the nucleus are obtuse.

The Functions of nuclear membrane:

1. Encloses the nucleoplasm.

2. Shapes and maintains the nucleus.

3. Controls the movement of various objects.

4. Forms endoplasmic reticulum.

5. Various substances synthesized in the nucleus helps in transport to the cytoplasm.

B) Nucleoplasm: It is the granular, transparent, homogenous, semi-fluid substance inside the nucleus. These include nucleoproteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, mineral salts, etc. Its chemical structure is very complex. In this, the chromatin reticulum exists in a floating state.

The Functions of Nucleoplasm:

1. Nucleus contains different organelles.

2. Regulates the biological functions of the nucleus. 

3.Participates in making DNA, and RNA.

4. Participates in protein synthesis.

5. Serves as a vessel for the nucleus.

C) Nucleolus: The dense spherical body located in the nucleus is called the nucleolus. Wanner discovered it in 1832.

Structure: It is composed of proteins, lipids, proteins, and lipids. It contains many enzymes. It has four regions.

1. Granular or granular region: This region consists of numerous granules towards the periphery of the nucleolus.

2. Threaded or fibrillar region: This region consists of ribonucleoproteins. [This region is called nucleon ema.]

3. Amorphous region: This region has low electron density.

4. Intra- and extra-nucleolar chromatin: A type of circular material formed by UgA.

Functions of Nucleolus:

1. Participates in cell division.

2. RNA participates in making ribosomes and proteins.

D) Chromatin Reticulum: The reticulum inside the nucleoplasm is called the chromatin reticulum. The chromatin network consists of several thread-like fragments. Each of these is called a chromosome. Chromatin fibers are formed in the interphase phase of cell division and are transformed into chromosomes in the prophase phase. Chromatin fibers are composed of nucleic acids and proteins.

The function of chromatin network:

1. Chromosomes contain DNA.

2. Helps make RNA and proteins.

3. Participates in making ribosomes.

4. Holder and bearer of heredity.

5. Controls cell division.

Conclusion:

In eukaryotic cells, the nucleous is an essential organelle that houses genetic information and is essential for cell development, division, and function. We now comprehend a lot more about biology and genetics as a result of its finding and ongoing research.